[24], Colonel Robert Jacob Gordon of the Dutch East India Company was the first European to explore parts of the interior while commanding the Dutch garrison at the renamed Cape of Good Hope, from 1780 to 1795. On 28 May 1941, Smuts was appointed a Field Marshal of the British Army, becoming the first South African to hold that rank. Pro-apartheid South Africans attempted to justify the Bantustan policy by citing the British government's 1947 partition of India, which they claimed was a similar situation that did not arouse international condemnation. The SSDI is a searchable database of more than 70 million names. Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1998), Findings in respect of the state and its allies: findings 82, 100 c, 100 f, 101, 102 pp. The Kingdom of Mapungubwe, which was located near the northern border of present-day South Africa, at the confluence of the Limpopo and Shashe rivers adjacent to present-day Zimbabwe and Botswana, was the first indigenous kingdom in southern Africa between AD 900 and 1300. The discoveries also led to new conflicts culminating in open warfare between the Boer settlers and the British Empire, fought essentially for control over the nascent South African mining industry. [96], The Crown Colony of Griqualand West was annexed into the Cape Colony in 1877, enacted into law in 1880. 83,000 Blacks and 2,500 Coloureds and Asians also served in either German South-West Africa, East Africa, the Middle East, or on the Western Front in Europe. The Zulu resulted in the mass movement of many tribes who in turn tried to dominate those in new territories, leading to widespread warfare and waves of displacement spread throughout southern Africa and beyond. A short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family. The 1820s saw a time of immense upheaval relating to the military expansion of the Zulu Kingdom, which replaced the original African clan system with kingdoms. He then set out on a massive programme of expansion, killing or enslaving those who resisted in the territories he conquered. Religion was a very important aspect of the settlers culture and the bible and church services were in Dutch. [133] The Mendi disaster was one of South Africa's worst tragedies of the Great War, second perhaps only to the Battle of Delville Wood. 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[41] Another theory attributes the epicentre of Zulu violence to the slave trade out of Delgoa Bay in Mozambique situated to the north of Zululand. [91], The Bapedi wars, also known as the Sekhukhune wars, consisted of three separate campaigns fought between 1876 and 1879 against the Bapedi under their reigning monarch King Sekhukhune I, in the northeastern region known as Sekhukhuneland, bordering on Swaziland. [160] The exact numbers of all the victims may never be known. English and Dutch became the two official languages in 1925.[129][130]. Many African last names reference wealth and the aristocracy. [89] The country was subsequently named Basutoland and is presently named Lesotho. [131], Public opinion in South Africa split along racial and ethnic lines. [11][12][13], The San and Khoikhoi are essentially distinguished only by their respective occupations. [158], In the aftermath of the 1976 Soweto uprising and the security clampdown that accompanied it, Joint Management Centres (JMCs) operating in at least 34 State-designated "high-risk" areas became the key element in a National Security Management System. Ade. Origin: Tswana, Southern African Meaning: Blessed one, blessings Alternative Spellings & Variations: Sego Famous Namesakes: Masego Ntshingane, Botswanan athlete Peak Popularity: Masego isn't a very popular name in the United States. 31. On 12 March 1868, the British parliament declared the Basotho Kingdom a British protectorate and part of the British Empire. The precious metal that underpinned international trade would dominate South African exports for decades to come. The Coloured element was generally supportive and many served in a Coloured Corps in East Africa and France, also hoping to better themselves after the war.[131]. The Union of South Africa came to an end after a referendum on 5 October 1960, in which a majority of white South Africans voted in favour of unilateral withdrawal from the British Commonwealth and the establishment of a Republic of South Africa. It also meant the apartheid government could no longer link apartheid and its purported legitimacy to the protection of Christian values and civilisation in the face of the rooi gevaar, meaning "red danger" or the threat of communism. In a referendum held on 17 March 1992, the white electorate voted 68% in favour of democracy. Friction between the Griquas and the settlers over land rights resulted in British troops being sent to the region in 1845. Further friction was caused by the refusal of Sekhukhune to allow prospectors to search for gold in territory he considered to be sovereign and independent under his authority. This aim was complicated by border conflicts with the Boers, who soon developed a distaste for British authority. [162] Four hundred M-113A1 armoured personnel carriers, and 106mm recoilless rifles manufactured in the United States were delivered to South Africa via Israel. By 1987, total military expenditure amounted to about 28% of the national budget. The uprising spread throughout the country. Available at, Edgerton, Robert B, Africa's armies: from honor to infamy: a history from 1791 to the present (2002) p.109. [92], During the final campaign, Sekukuni (also spelled Sekhukhune) and members of his entourage took refuge in a mountain cave where he was cut off from food and water. The Apartheid Convention, as it came to be known, was adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 1973 with 91 member states voting in favour, four against (Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States) and 26 abstentions. The Great Trek. A strong relationship existed between the African National Congress (ANC) and the UDF, based on the shared mission statement of the Freedom Charter. [210] Both sides were forced to the negotiating table, with the result that in June 1991, all apartheid laws were finally rescinded- opening the way for the country's first multiracial democratic elections three years later. The diggings were located in an area of vague boundaries and disputed land ownership. African Last Names Ba Bah Ballo Cisse Contee Conteh Diallo Fall Kone Mensah Ndiaye Nwosu Okafor Okeke Okoro Osei Owusu Sall Sane Sarr Sesay Sow Sy Toure Traore Turay Yeboah There are 54 countries, between 900 and 1,500 languages, and several thousand ethnic groups in Africa, according to Britannica. [64], Over the next 50 years, 150,000 more indentured Indian servants and labourers arrived, as well as numerous free "passenger Indians," building the base for what would become the largest Indian diasporic community outside India. In that year, the SS Truro arrived in Durban harbour with over 300 Indians on board. du Toit is an Afrikaans surname of French origin, originally from Franois du Toit, a Huguenot who moved to South Africa in 1686. [19] Many of the 1820 Settlers eventually settled in Grahamstown and Port Elizabeth. [150][151] In the early to mid-1990s, the AWB attempted unsuccessfully through various acts of public violence and intimidation to derail the country's transition to democracy. 2. These are collectively known as the Khoisan, a modern European portmanteau of these two tribes' names. Multi-national mining corporations including Anglo-American Corporation, Lonmin, and Anglo Platinum, were accused of failing to address the enduring legacies of apartheid. [172][173], South African security forces during the latter part of the apartheid era had a policy of destabilising neighbouring states, supporting opposition movements, conducting sabotage operations and attacking ANC bases and places of refuge for exiles in those states. Like a window into their day-to-day life, South African census records can tell you where and how . Moshoeshoe was under the impression he was loaning grazing land to the settlers in accordance with African precepts of occupation rather than ownership, while the settlers believed they had been granted permanent land rights. [189], Both South Africa and Cuba claimed victory at the decisive battle of Cuito Cuanavale, which have been described as "the fiercest in Africa since World War II". Germany's Ludwig Loewe company, later known as Deutsche Waffen-und Munitionfabriken, delivered 55,000 of these rifles to the Boers in 1896. The name is derived from the dutch word Prins (meaning prince), and a loo suffix meaning clearing in the forest. Chidubem - This name is Igbo for "God is my guide." Igwe - Many Igbo people in South Africa have this last name. While some maintained separateness, others were grouped into a category known as Coloureds, a multiracial ethnic group which includes people with shared ancestry from two or more of these groups: Khoisan, Bantu, English, Afrikaners, Austronesians, East Asians and South Asians. Get in touch! 2022 Sandbox Networks Inc. All rights reserved. From 19481994, South African politics was dominated by Afrikaner nationalism. [200] The Truth and Reconciliation Commission noted in 2003 that, despite the ANC's stated policy of attacking only military and police targets, "the majority of casualties of MK operations were civilians. [83] The British then set about establishing large sugar plantations in the area today named KwaZulu-Natal Province. It pursued a very violent strategy known as "ungovernability", they killed thousands of opposition party, mostly members of Inkatha Freedom Party in some cases burning them alive, including rent boycotts, student protests, and strike campaigns. Johnson: This surname is a patronymic of John. Mannan is also a Muslim surname. The Boers took a defensive position with the high banks of the Ncome River forming a natural barrier to their rear with their ox waggons as barricades between themselves and the attacking Zulu army. President Kruger suspected the insurgency had received at least the tacit approval of the Cape Colony government under the premiership of Cecil John Rhodes, and that Kruger's South African Republic faced imminent danger. The civil rights struggle of Gandhi's Natal Indian Congress failed; until the 1994 advent of democracy, Indians in South Africa were subject to most of the discriminatory laws that applied to all non-white inhabitants of the country.[66]. On 4 November 1977, the Security Council imposed a mandatory arms embargo in terms of Resolution 181 calling upon all States to cease the sale and shipment of arms, ammunition and military vehicles to South Africa. A movement known as the Torch Commando was formed in the 1950s, led by white war veterans who had fought fascism in Europe and North Africa during World War II, only to find fascism on the rise in South Africa when they returned home. The prisoners were mainly members of the Pan Africanist Congress and United Democratic Front.[209]. Its underground cells conducted armed robberies to raise funds and obtain weapons and vehicles. [95] Keate awarded ownership to the Griquas. An attack on a Christian church in Cape Town in 1993, left eleven people dead and 58 injured. John Murray. Afrikaners were split, with some like Botha and Smuts taking a prominent leadership role in the British war effort. At its peak in 1987, the UDF had some 700 affiliates and about 3,000,000 members. [233] The Zondo Commission of Inquiry was appointed during the Presidency of Cyril Ramaphosa to investigate allegations of state capture related corruption. [62], By the end of 1847, following annexation by Britain of the former Boer republic of Natalia, nearly all the Boers had left their former republic, which the British renamed Natal. [186] On 23 August 1981 South African troops again launched an incursion into Angola with collaboration and encouragement provided by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Between 1847 and 1854, Harry Smith, governor and high commissioner of the Cape Colony, annexed territories far to the north of original British and Dutch settlement. [145], The early-1940s saw the pro-Nazi Ossewa Brandwag (OB) movement become half-a-million strong, including future prime minister John Vorster and Hendrik van den Bergh, the future head of police intelligence. Like a window into their day-to-day life, South African census records can tell you where and how your ancestors worked, their level of education, veteran status, and more. In 1872, after a long political struggle, it attained responsible government with a locally accountable executive and Prime Minister. [72] East Griqualand was subsequently annexed by Britain in 1874 and incorporated into the Cape Colony in 1879. Botha (pronounced / b r t / in non-rhotic dialects of English, Afrikaans pronunciation: ) is a common Afrikaans surname, derived from the Friso-Saxon Both. This position was rejected by many rural Afrikaners who supported the Maritz Rebellion. It is also a given name in Kerala. The death penalty was abolished, land reform and redistribution policies were introduced, and equitable labour laws legislated. Abioye (Yoruba origin) meaning "son of royalty". Between 19601994, according to statistics from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, the Inkatha Freedom Party was responsible for 4,500 deaths, South African Police 2,700, and the ANC about 1,300. [204] The uprising had been precipitated by Government legislation forcing African students to accept Afrikaans as the official medium for tuition,[205] with support from the wider Black Consciousness Movement. The Transvaal Boer republic was forcefully annexed by Britain in 1877, during Britain's attempt to consolidate the states of southern Africa under British rule. When he did not pay the fine in full, a battle broke out on the Berea Plateau in 1852, where the British suffered heavy losses. The meaning of this strong African boys' name makes it ideal for the first son of a family that has Ibibio ancestry. When the British refused, Kruger declared war. Smiths created objects of iron, copper and gold both for local decorative use and for foreign trade. Ababio - Origin: Ghanaian. [194][195][196], Organised resistance to Afrikaner nationalism was not confined exclusively to activists of the oppressed, dark-skinned population. 25,000 Black South Africans were recruited at the request of the British War Cabinet to serve as non-combatant labourers in the South African Native Labour Contingent (SANLC). The rebel leaders were prosecuted, fined heavily and sentenced to imprisonment ranging from six to seven years. According to Solomon Johannes Terreblanche, a South African academic economist, the government's concessions to big business represented "treacherous decisions that [will] haunt South Africa for generations to come". [67] Members of this mixed-race community formed the core of what was to become the Griqua people. Passenger lists are your ticket to knowing when your ancestors arrived in the USA, and how they made the journey - from the ship name to ports of arrival and departure. Variant spellings include Prinzloo and Prinslo. [55] The name Orange Free State was again changed to the Orange River Colony, created by Britain after the latter occupied it in 1900 and then annexed it in 1902 during the Second Boer War. No gold was ever discovered in the annexed territory. Abebe: The genesis of this Ethiopian name is Amharic, and it means 'flower' or 'blossom'. The British then seized the Cape in 1795 to prevent it from falling into French hands. 77. Van Riebeeck considered it impolitic to enslave the local Khoi and San aboriginals, so the VOC began to import large numbers of slaves, primarily from the Dutch colonies in Indonesia. "[201], The national liberation movement was divided in the early 1960s when an "Africanist" faction within the ANC objected to an alliance between the ANC and the Communist Party of South Africa. The ANC-led government, in a historic reversal of policy, adopted neoliberalism instead. Abeba 127. [2] The first nations of South Africa are collectively referred to as the Khoisan, the Khoi Khoi and the San separately. In 2007, less than half the protests were associated with some form of violence, compared with 2014, when almost 80% of protests involved violence on the part of the participants or the authorities. The country would only be readmitted to the UN in 1994 following its transition to democracy. White people, who constituted 20 percent of the population, held 90 percent of the land. Prinsloo is an Afrikaans surname. In 1836, when Boer Voortrekkers (pioneers) arrived in the northwestern part of present-day South Africa, they came into conflict with a Ndebele sub-group that the settlers named "Matabele", under chief Mzilikazi. [23] The advancing Bantu encroached on the Khoikhoi territory, forcing the original inhabitants of the region to move to more arid areas. [116] The conflict ended almost as soon as it began with a decisive Boer victory at Battle of Majuba Hill (27 February 1881). The British elements strongly supported the war, and formed by far the largest military component. [59] Annexation also precipitated a war between British colonial forces and the indigenous Xhosa nation in 1850, in the eastern coastal region.[60]. [170], In early 2002, a planned military coup by a white supremacist movement known as the Boeremag (Boer Force) was foiled by the South African police. The British suffragette Emily Hobhouse visited British concentration camps in South Africa and produced a report condemning the appalling conditions there. Guelke, Leonard (1976). British policy with regard to South Africa would vacillate with successive governments, but the overarching imperative throughout the 19th century was to protect the strategic trade route to India while incurring as little expense as possible within the colony. [24] To this end, a small VOC expedition under the command of Jan van Riebeeck reached Table Bay on 6 April 1652. [10], The descendants of the Middle Paleolithic populations are thought to be the aboriginal San and Khoikhoi tribes. This Second AngloBoer War, also known as the South African War lasted longer than the first, with British troops being supplemented by colonial troops from Southern Rhodesia, Canada, India, Australia and New Zealand. It is the tenth most common family name in the Republic of South Africa. 'The quantitative Cape: A review of the new historiography of the Dutch Cape Colony', South African Historical Journal 66.1, 2014, pp. Cattle rustling and livestock theft ensued, with the Khoikhoi being ultimately expelled from the peninsula by force, after a succession of wars. The oldest is Little Foot, a collection of footbones of an unknown hominid between 2.2 and 3.3 million years old, discovered at Sterkfontein by Ronald J. Clarke. In the event of a vacancy the Deputy President serves as Acting President. Great Britain. You can find birthdates, death dates, addresses and more. This was accomplished after several years of negotiations, when the South Africa Act 1909 consolidated the Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State into one nation. The Cape was relinquished back to the Dutch in 1803. This list of 100 African girl names includes their meanings, variations, and countries of origin. Ransford, Oliver. [22] Bantu-speaking communities reached southern Africa from the Congo basin as early as the 4th century BC. 469503. [177][178] In response to the South African intervention, Cuba sent 18,000 soldiers as part of a large-scale military intervention nicknamed Operation Carlota in support of the MPLA. ): Fourie, J.; Boshoff, W. (2008). He eventually surrendered to a combined deputation of Boer and British forces on 2 December 1879. [121] In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Portuguese mariners, who were the first Europeans at the Cape, encountered pastoral Khoikhoi with livestock. The country became a fully sovereign nation state within the British Empire, in 1934 following enactment of the Status of the Union Act. Afumba A list of references about Personal Names or Surnames at the Local History and Genealogy Reading Room at the Library of Congress. Elphick, Richard; Giliomee, Hermann (eds. The Government of National Unity lapsed at the end of the first parliament sitting in 1999, with the ANC becoming the sole party in power while maintaining a strategic alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party. This caused further dissatisfaction among the Dutch settlers. 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